扭轉繩電流計英文解釋翻譯、扭轉繩電流計的近義詞、反義詞、例句
英語翻譯:
【電】 torsion-string galvanometer
分詞翻譯:
扭的英語翻譯:
gnarl; turn around; tweak; twist; wrench; wrest; wrestler; wring
【化】 twist
【醫】 stropho-
轉的英語翻譯:
change; revolution; rotate; transfer; turn
【醫】 meta-; spin; tour; turn
【經】 pass
繩的英語翻譯:
colt; ligature; line; restrict; rope; strand; taenia
【電】 rope
電流計的英語翻譯:
【化】 amperemeter; amperometer; galvanometer
【醫】 galvanometer; rheometer
專業解析
扭轉繩電流計(Torsion Fiber Galvanometer)是一種利用扭轉懸絲的扭矩來測量微小電流或電壓的精密電磁儀器。其核心原理是電流通過線圈時産生的磁場與固定永磁體相互作用,導緻線圈(及與其相連的懸絲)發生扭轉,通過測量扭轉角度即可确定電流大小。
以下從漢英詞典角度解釋其關鍵術語與原理:
-
扭轉繩 / Niǔzhuǎn shéng / Torsion Fiber (or Torsion String)
- 漢意: 指一根極細且具有高彈性的石英絲或金屬絲,作為儀器的懸挂和扭轉元件。其扭轉剛度(恢複扭矩與扭轉角度的比例常數)是儀器靈敏度的關鍵參數。
- 英意: A very fine, highly elastic quartz or metallic fiber used as the suspension and torsion element. Its torsional stiffness (the constant relating restoring torque to angle of twist) is crucial for the instrument's sensitivity.
-
電流計 / Diànliú jì / Galvanometer
- 漢意: 泛指用于檢測和測量微小電流的儀器。扭轉繩電流計是其中一種高靈敏度的類型。
- 英意: A general term for instruments used to detect and measure small electric currents. The torsion fiber galvanometer is a highly sensitive type.
-
工作原理 (Working Principle)
- 漢意: 待測電流通過懸挂在永磁體磁場中的矩形線圈。電流産生的磁場與永磁體磁場相互作用,産生洛倫茲力,使線圈(及固定在其上的小鏡)發生偏轉。線圈的偏轉使扭轉繩産生一個與偏轉角度成正比的恢複扭矩。當電磁扭矩與懸絲的恢複扭矩平衡時,線圈停止轉動。偏轉角度通過附着在懸絲上的小鏡反射的光束(光杠杆法)進行放大和精确測量,該角度與通過的電流成正比。
- 英意: The current to be measured passes through a rectangular coil suspended in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The interaction between the coil's magnetic field and the permanent magnet's field produces a Lorentz force, causing the coil (and a small mirror attached to it) to deflect. This deflection twists the torsion fiber, producing a restoring torque proportional to the angle of twist. The coil comes to rest when the electromagnetic torque equals the restoring torque of the fiber. The deflection angle, amplified and measured precisely by a beam of light reflected off the mirror (optical lever method), is proportional to the current passing through the coil.
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關鍵部件 (Key Components)
- 扭轉繩 (Torsion Fiber): 提供恢複力。
- 線圈 (Coil): 承載電流,産生磁場。
- 永磁體 (Permanent Magnet): 提供固定磁場。
- 小鏡 (Mirror): 附着線上圈或懸絲上,用于反射光束測量偏轉。
- 光源與标尺 (Light Source & Scale): 配合小鏡實現光杠杆放大讀數。
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應用與特點 (Application & Characteristics)
- 漢意: 曆史上因其極高的靈敏度(可測量極微弱的電流,如$10^{-10}$安培量級),常用于實驗室精密測量、研究生物電信號(如早期心電圖研究)、校準其他儀表等。其優點是無摩擦(懸絲懸挂)、靈敏度極高;缺點是結構脆弱、對環境振動敏感、響應較慢。
- 英意: Historically prized for its extremely high sensitivity (capable of measuring currents down to the order of $10^{-10}$ amperes), it was used in laboratories for precise measurements, studying bioelectric signals (e.g., early electrocardiography), and calibrating other instruments. Its advantages include frictionless suspension (fiber) and exceptional sensitivity; disadvantages include fragility, susceptibility to environmental vibrations, and relatively slow response.
參考來源:
- Keithley, J. F. (1999). The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s. IEEE Press. (Chapter on Galvanometers)
- "Galvanometer." Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Historical Physics Instruments Collection, University of Oxford Department of Physics. (Descriptions of Torsion Galvanometers)
- Pohl, R. W. (1960). Elektrizitätslehre (Electrical Theory). Springer-Verlag. (Classic German text covering principles).
- A Historical Perspective on Electromagnetic Measurements. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine.
- Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. (Online catalog entries for torsion galvanometers).
網絡擴展解釋
扭轉繩電流計是一種利用扭轉繩(或金屬懸絲)的扭力平衡電磁轉矩來測量微弱電流的儀器,其核心原理和構造可總結如下:
基本結構():
- 可動線圈:懸挂在永磁鐵兩極之間的扭轉繩(金屬帶或石英纖維)上
- 扭轉系統:由高彈性材料制成的扭轉繩提供恢複力矩
- 指示裝置:連接線上圈上的指針或反射鏡,用于放大顯示偏轉角度
工作原理:
當電流通過線圈時,磁場相互作用産生電磁轉矩$M = nBIS$(n=線圈匝數,B=磁感應強度,I=電流,S=線圈面積)。此時扭轉繩産生反向扭力矩$M' = kθ$(k=扭轉系數,θ=偏轉角)。當$M = M'$達到平衡時,偏轉角$θ = (nBS/k)I$,即偏轉角度與電流強度成正比。
技術特點:
- 靈敏度取決于扭轉繩的彈性系數,更細的金屬懸絲可檢測$10^{-8}$A級電流
- 反射鏡配合光杠杆可放大微小偏轉,提升測量精度
- 早期型號由德國科學家施韋格改進,被視為現代檢流計的前身
該儀器在19世紀電磁學研究中有重要應用,現代已被更靈敏的數字檢流計替代,但其核心原理仍體現在各類電磁測量設備中。
分類
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