扭转绳电流计英文解释翻译、扭转绳电流计的近义词、反义词、例句
英语翻译:
【电】 torsion-string galvanometer
分词翻译:
扭的英语翻译:
gnarl; turn around; tweak; twist; wrench; wrest; wrestler; wring
【化】 twist
【医】 stropho-
转的英语翻译:
change; revolution; rotate; transfer; turn
【医】 meta-; spin; tour; turn
【经】 pass
绳的英语翻译:
colt; ligature; line; restrict; rope; strand; taenia
【电】 rope
电流计的英语翻译:
【化】 amperemeter; amperometer; galvanometer
【医】 galvanometer; rheometer
专业解析
扭转绳电流计(Torsion Fiber Galvanometer)是一种利用扭转悬丝的扭矩来测量微小电流或电压的精密电磁仪器。其核心原理是电流通过线圈时产生的磁场与固定永磁体相互作用,导致线圈(及与其相连的悬丝)发生扭转,通过测量扭转角度即可确定电流大小。
以下从汉英词典角度解释其关键术语与原理:
-
扭转绳 / Niǔzhuǎn shéng / Torsion Fiber (or Torsion String)
- 汉意: 指一根极细且具有高弹性的石英丝或金属丝,作为仪器的悬挂和扭转元件。其扭转刚度(恢复扭矩与扭转角度的比例常数)是仪器灵敏度的关键参数。
- 英意: A very fine, highly elastic quartz or metallic fiber used as the suspension and torsion element. Its torsional stiffness (the constant relating restoring torque to angle of twist) is crucial for the instrument's sensitivity.
-
电流计 / Diànliú jì / Galvanometer
- 汉意: 泛指用于检测和测量微小电流的仪器。扭转绳电流计是其中一种高灵敏度的类型。
- 英意: A general term for instruments used to detect and measure small electric currents. The torsion fiber galvanometer is a highly sensitive type.
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工作原理 (Working Principle)
- 汉意: 待测电流通过悬挂在永磁体磁场中的矩形线圈。电流产生的磁场与永磁体磁场相互作用,产生洛伦兹力,使线圈(及固定在其上的小镜)发生偏转。线圈的偏转使扭转绳产生一个与偏转角度成正比的恢复扭矩。当电磁扭矩与悬丝的恢复扭矩平衡时,线圈停止转动。偏转角度通过附着在悬丝上的小镜反射的光束(光杠杆法)进行放大和精确测量,该角度与通过的电流成正比。
- 英意: The current to be measured passes through a rectangular coil suspended in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The interaction between the coil's magnetic field and the permanent magnet's field produces a Lorentz force, causing the coil (and a small mirror attached to it) to deflect. This deflection twists the torsion fiber, producing a restoring torque proportional to the angle of twist. The coil comes to rest when the electromagnetic torque equals the restoring torque of the fiber. The deflection angle, amplified and measured precisely by a beam of light reflected off the mirror (optical lever method), is proportional to the current passing through the coil.
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关键部件 (Key Components)
- 扭转绳 (Torsion Fiber): 提供恢复力。
- 线圈 (Coil): 承载电流,产生磁场。
- 永磁体 (Permanent Magnet): 提供固定磁场。
- 小镜 (Mirror): 附着在线圈或悬丝上,用于反射光束测量偏转。
- 光源与标尺 (Light Source & Scale): 配合小镜实现光杠杆放大读数。
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应用与特点 (Application & Characteristics)
- 汉意: 历史上因其极高的灵敏度(可测量极微弱的电流,如$10^{-10}$安培量级),常用于实验室精密测量、研究生物电信号(如早期心电图研究)、校准其他仪表等。其优点是无摩擦(悬丝悬挂)、灵敏度极高;缺点是结构脆弱、对环境振动敏感、响应较慢。
- 英意: Historically prized for its extremely high sensitivity (capable of measuring currents down to the order of $10^{-10}$ amperes), it was used in laboratories for precise measurements, studying bioelectric signals (e.g., early electrocardiography), and calibrating other instruments. Its advantages include frictionless suspension (fiber) and exceptional sensitivity; disadvantages include fragility, susceptibility to environmental vibrations, and relatively slow response.
参考来源:
- Keithley, J. F. (1999). The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s. IEEE Press. (Chapter on Galvanometers)
- "Galvanometer." Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Historical Physics Instruments Collection, University of Oxford Department of Physics. (Descriptions of Torsion Galvanometers)
- Pohl, R. W. (1960). Elektrizitätslehre (Electrical Theory). Springer-Verlag. (Classic German text covering principles).
- A Historical Perspective on Electromagnetic Measurements. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine.
- Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. (Online catalog entries for torsion galvanometers).
网络扩展解释
扭转绳电流计是一种利用扭转绳(或金属悬丝)的扭力平衡电磁转矩来测量微弱电流的仪器,其核心原理和构造可总结如下:
基本结构():
- 可动线圈:悬挂在永磁铁两极之间的扭转绳(金属带或石英纤维)上
- 扭转系统:由高弹性材料制成的扭转绳提供恢复力矩
- 指示装置:连接在线圈上的指针或反射镜,用于放大显示偏转角度
工作原理:
当电流通过线圈时,磁场相互作用产生电磁转矩$M = nBIS$(n=线圈匝数,B=磁感应强度,I=电流,S=线圈面积)。此时扭转绳产生反向扭力矩$M' = kθ$(k=扭转系数,θ=偏转角)。当$M = M'$达到平衡时,偏转角$θ = (nBS/k)I$,即偏转角度与电流强度成正比。
技术特点:
- 灵敏度取决于扭转绳的弹性系数,更细的金属悬丝可检测$10^{-8}$A级电流
- 反射镜配合光杠杆可放大微小偏转,提升测量精度
- 早期型号由德国科学家施韦格改进,被视为现代检流计的前身
该仪器在19世纪电磁学研究中有重要应用,现代已被更灵敏的数字检流计替代,但其核心原理仍体现在各类电磁测量设备中。
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