
預防原則;預警原則
Therefore, it requires us to introduce the precautionary principle(PP)and to solidly implement this principle in environmental risk assessment and decision-******.
這就需要我們在環境風險評價和決策中引入預警原則,并切實實施好這個原則。
The precautionary principle is a weak argument for two reasons: (1) it is difficult to prove a negative—that there is no effect; (2) it raises unnecessary public alarm and personal anxiety.
謹慎原則是欠缺說服力的,原因有兩點:(1)證明一個否定命題——沒有影響——是非常困難的;(2)證明這一點會引起不必要的公衆恐慌和個人焦慮。
In the legal system design should give full play to the government's duties and functions, using the precautionary principle of public participation, strength, protect the mine ecological environment.
在法律制度設計中應該充分發揮政府的職責和職能,運用風險預防原則,發揮公衆參與的力量,保護好礦山生态環境。
The dissertation then comes to a conclusion that, it is a trend to protect the public health, but we should be cautious to accept the precautionary principle under the WTO laws.
經過上述分析,本文最後得出的結論是,保護公共健康的趨勢是必然的,但對于在WTO法律體制中引入預防原則的做法應當慎重。
In the fifth part, the dissertation talks about the relationship between the precautionary principle and the developing countries.
第五部分,文章将落腳點放到預防原則與發展中國家的關系上。
On the basis of structure and principle, fault causes of pneumatic butterfly valve are analyzed, and precautionary measures are proposed.
從結構和原理入手分析了氣動蝶閥故障原因并提出了防範措施。
The comparative analysis in this paper is backed up by the following understandings concerning precaution and the effectiveness of precaution: 1) precaution is different from precautionary principle.
文中比較分析的構建以對風險預防和風險預防有效性的如下理解為基礎:1)風險預防不同于風險預防原則。
Should we follow a precautionary principle in robotics research, to slow or halt work until we have addressed possible catastrophic risks?
我們應不應該在機器人學研究中遵循一條預防原則,來減緩或停滞工作,直到可能的災難性風險被解決?
The precautionary principle has been written into many international environmental laws. However, different countries have defined and implemented it in different ways.
預防原則已被寫入許多國際的環境法中,然而不同的國家以不同的方法定義與應用預防原則。
So we must comply the sustainable development principle, common but different responsibility, precautionary principle in course of implementing environmental treaties.
因此,國際環境法在實施當中必須遵守可持續發展原則、共同但有區别的責任原則以及風險預防原則。
The Precautionary Principle exemplifies which of the following?
以下哪一項是“預防原則”的例證?
What is the precautionary principle, and how is it related, if at all, to adaptive management?
什麽是預警原理?如果可以的話,它是如何與適應性管理相聯繫的?
As one basic principle of international environmental law, the precautionary principle has been laid down or reflected in many multilateral environmental agreements.
作為國際環境法的基本原則之一,風險預防原則已經在許多國際環境協定中得到了直接的規定或間接的反映。
This article compares the precautionary principle in the U. S. and China by reviewing the environmental and public health policies of the two countries.
本文主要是通過分析中國與美國的公共衛生與環境政策來比較兩國的預防原則。
The precautionary principle suggests that we should be wary of personal products like fragrances unless they are marked phthalate-free.
預防原則提醒我們應該留神一些私人用品,比如香水,除非它們标明不含鄰苯二甲酸鹽。
This paper stu***s these treaties and cases to clarify the role of precautionary principle in international environmental law.
以這些為研究對象,探讨預先防範原則在國際環境法上的地位。
Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a precautionary principle and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
同時,綠色和平組織還希望各公司采取“預防原則”,從而避免使用某些對環境影響作用不确切的化學物質。
The precautionary principle holds all new technologies to far higher standards than existing ones.
預防原則讓新技術面臨比現有技術更高的标準。
The protocol reaffirmed the precautionary principle, that permits contracting parties to prohibit or limit the entry of LMO, and the shipments containing LMO are to be clearly labeled.
該《議定書》确認了預先防範原則,允許締約方禁止或限制LMO進境,并要求含有LMO的貨物附有标籤。
Fourth part concerns the development trend and system design of precautionary principle.
第四部分,預警原則的發展趨勢和制度設計。
The author comes to the conclusion that precautionary principle has been embedded in domestic law by analyzing the law of America, France, Australia, Canada.
通過對美國、法國、澳大利亞、加拿大等國家國内法的研究,表明目前預警原則已經深入各國國内法。
Meanwhile, this part also contains Chinese situation of application of precautionary principle.
同時,本部分讨論了中國適用預警原則的現狀。
This article focuses on the overall defense in a comprehensive way, multiple protection of the precautionary principle, strive to reduce the harm to the lowest point.
本文重點介紹“整體防禦、綜合治理、多重保護”的防範原則,力争将其産生的危害降低到最低點。
Main content of ecological security are included but not limited to precautionary principle, full-process control, polluters-paying and beneficiary-compensating principle.
環境法律中的生态安全原則包括風險預防、全程控制、污染者付費、受益者補償等三個方面的内容。
預防性原則(Precautionary Principle)是國際環境法和公共政策領域的重要指導理念,強調在面臨潛在嚴重或不可逆危害風險時,即使科學證據尚未充分證實因果關系,也應提前采取預防措施。這一原則的核心在于平衡科學不确定性與風險管控,尤其適用于氣候變化、化學品監管、生物多樣性保護及公共衛生事件等領域。
從法律框架看,預防性原則最早于1992年《裡約環境與發展宣言》第十五條被正式确立,提出“遇有嚴重或不可逆轉損害的威脅時,不得以缺乏科學充分确實證據為理由,延遲采取符合成本效益的措施防止環境惡化”。歐盟委員會将其納入《歐洲聯盟運行條約》第191條,作為環境政策制定的法定基礎,并應用于轉基因生物管控、農藥禁用等具體實踐。
在公共衛生領域,世界衛生組織(WHO)将該原則用于新興傳染病防控。例如2020年新冠肺炎大流行初期,在病毒傳播路徑未完全明确時,多國依據該原則實施口罩令和旅行限制,相關決策框架可見WHO《國際衛生條例》風險評估指南。美國國家環境保護局(EPA)在《有毒物質控制法》中同樣援引此原則,對新型化學物質實施市場準入前的安全審查制度。
參考資料:
“Precautionary principle”(預防原則)是國際法和公共政策領域的重要術語,其核心含義是:在缺乏科學确定性但存在潛在嚴重風險的情況下,應采取預防性措施以避免可能的危害。以下從多個角度詳細解釋:
核心定義與内涵
該原則強調對“不确定性風險”的主動防範。例如,當某項活動(如化學品使用或新技術開發)可能威脅環境或健康,但科學證據尚不充分時,決策者應優先采取保護措施。這一理念廣泛應用于氣候變化、生物安全和公共衛生等領域。
與相關術語的區别
中文翻譯的多樣性
由于語義側重不同,常見譯法包括“風險預防原則”“審慎預防原則”“預警原則”等。學界較認可“風險預防原則”,因其突出“不确定性風險”的應對。
實際應用示例
例如,COVID-19疫情期間,各國在病毒傳播機制未完全明确時實施的封鎖和口罩令,即體現了該原則。在環境法中,歐盟對轉基因作物的限制也基于此原則。
争議與挑戰
批評者認為該原則可能阻礙科技創新或成為貿易保護主義的借口,但支持者主張其體現了“謹慎優于事後補救”的倫理觀。
該原則的本質是在科學證據不充分時,通過權衡潛在危害的嚴重性,選擇更安全的決策路徑。其翻譯和適用需結合具體語境,但核心理念始終圍繞“防範不确定性風險”。
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