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常用詞典

n. 間接引語

例句

In reported speech, 'I'll come later' becomes 'He said he'd come later'.

在間接引語中，I'll come later變為He said he'd come later。

Reported speech with tense changes.

改變時态的間接引語。

Direct speech is easier than reported speech.

直接引語比間接引語簡單。

Use reported speech to talk about what someone else said.

用間接引語談論其他人說的話。

Free Indirect speech is one of the major types of reported speech.

自由間接話語是轉述語的主要類型之一。

同義詞

n.|indirect speech;間接引語

專業解析

間接引語（Reported Speech）是英語語法中用于轉述他人話語的表達方式，其核心功能是客觀傳遞信息源的内容，同時根據語境調整時态、人稱和指示詞。該語法結構廣泛應用于學術寫作、新聞報道和日常交流，是構建可信叙述的重要工具。

一、定義與結構特征

間接引語通過主句動詞（如said、explained）引導，不使用引號，需遵循時态一緻性原則。例如直接引語"I am studying"轉為間接引語時變為"He said he was studying"（劍橋大學出版社，2023）。這種結構包含三個核心要素：

1. 轉述動詞（如state, mention）
2. 連詞that（可省略）
3. 信息内容重組（牛津學習者詞典，2022）

二、時态轉換規則

時态變化遵循"後退一步"原則，現在時轉為過去時，現在完成時轉為過去完成時。但轉述普遍真理時保持原時态，如"Scientists noted that water boils at 100°C"（British Council，2024）。特殊疑問句轉換需使用疑問詞引導，如"When does the train leave?"轉為"He asked when the train left"。

三、應用場景與權威驗證

1. 學術論文：規範使用間接引語可提升研究可信度，如"The results demonstrated that..."（APA格式指南，2021）
2. 新聞報道：BBC等媒體通過間接引語平衡信息準确性與法律風險
3. 商務溝通：避免直接引用敏感對話，保持專業距離

四、常見誤差規避

Grammarly（2023）指出需特别注意：

• 時間狀語調整（today→that day）
• 情态動詞轉換（can→could）
• 虛拟語氣保留（建議類表達保持原形）

權威參考資料：

1. 劍橋大學出版社語法指南：https://www.cambridge.org/grammar/reported-speech
2. 牛津學習者詞典語法解析：https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/grammar/reported-speech
3. British Council語法教程：https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/reported-speech
4. Grammarly語法手冊：https://www.grammarly.com/blog/reported-speech/

網絡擴展資料

單詞/術語 "reported speech" 的詳細解釋：

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1. 核心定義

Reported speech（間接引語）是語法術語，指通過轉述者的視角傳達他人話語或思想的内容，而非直接引用原話（即不使用引號）。其核心功能是重構語言行為，需調整時态、人稱、時間/地點狀語等以適應轉述語境。

• 對比直接引語：
  • 直接引語：She said, "I am studying."
  • 間接引語：She said (that) she was studying.

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2. 語法規則與變化要點

（1）時态調整（Backshifting）

當主句動詞（如 said、told）為過去時，間接引語中的動詞時态需“後退一步”：
| 直接引語時态 | 間接引語時态 | 示例（直接→間接） |
|--------------------|-----------------------|----------------------------------|
| 一般現在時 | 一般過去時 | "I eat apples." → He said he ate apples. |
| 現在進行時 | 過去進行時 | "I am working." → She said she was working. |
| 一般過去時 | 過去完成時 | "I saw her." → He said he had seen her. |
| 現在完成時 | 過去完成時 | "I have finished." → She said she had finished. |
| 将來時（will） | 過去将來時（would） | "I will help." → He said he would help. |

例外情況：

• 若原話内容為普遍真理或仍在持續的事實，時态可不調整：
  "Earth revolves around the sun." → He said Earth revolves around the sun.
• 若主句動詞為現在時（如 says），時态保持不變：
  She says, "I am busy." → She says she is busy.

（2）代詞與人稱調整

需根據轉述者與被轉述者的關系調整代詞：

• 直接引語："You should call me," he told her.
• 間接引語：He told her (that) she should call him.
• 口訣：
  • 一隨主（第一人稱隨主句主語）：He said, "I am tired." → He said he was tired.
  • 二隨賓（第二人稱隨主句賓語）：He told me, "You can stay." → He told me I could stay.
  • 三不變（第三人稱不變）：She said, "They left." → She said they had left.

（3）時間與地點狀語調整

根據轉述時間調整時間狀語：
| 直接引語 | 間接引語 |
|-------------------|-----------------------|
| today → that day | "I saw her today." → He said he had seen her that day. |
| tomorrow → the next day | "I’ll go tomorrow." → She said she would go the next day. |
| here → there | "It is here." → He said it was there.

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3. 轉述動詞（Reporting Verbs）

除 say、tell 外，多種動詞可引導間接引語，傳遞不同語義色彩：

• 陳述類：state, explain, mention（中性）
  She explained that the process was complex.
• 情感或态度類：admit, complain, insist（隱含主觀判斷）
  He admitted (that) he had made a mistake.
• 疑問類：ask, wonder, inquire
  They asked if I had finished the report.

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4. 特殊句型的轉換

（1）疑問句轉間接引語

• 一般疑問句：用 if 或 whether 引導，語序改為陳述句：
  "Are you ready?" → He asked if/whether I was ready.
• 特殊疑問句：保留疑問詞，語序不變：
  "Where did you go?" → She asked where I had gone.

（2）祈使句轉間接引語

使用 tell/ask/order + 賓語 + to do 結構：

• "Close the door." → He told me to close the door.

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5. 實際應用與文化意義

• 學術與新聞寫作：間接引語廣泛用于避免直接引用，增強客觀性。
  The study reported that 70% of participants improved.
• 日常交流：簡化複雜對話，如 She mentioned she’d call later.
• 文學創作：通過轉述傳遞角色心理或隱藏信息，如 He claimed he was innocent, but his eyes betrayed him.

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Reported speech 是語言中轉述他人話語的核心機制，需綜合時态、人稱、狀語的系統調整。其規則雖複雜，但通過例句練習（如 提供的轉換表）可逐步掌握。理解其語法邏輯後，可靈活應用于寫作、口語及跨文化交流中，提升表達的準确性與多樣性。

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