知識學科
Interest in historical method had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們對曆史學研究方法産生了興趣， 這與其說是因為外部對曆史學作為一門知識學科的有效 性提出了挑戰，還不如說是因為曆史學家們内部發生了争執。
Good skills in Management especially communication, analytical, problem solving, intellectual discipline, leadership commitment to result.
有好的溝通和管理技能，分析和解決問題的能力。
Anyway, that shows that I think probability theory does have a long history, but--it not being an intellectual discipline--it didn't really inform a generation of finance theory.
不管怎樣，我認為這個傳說顯示了概率論确實有很長的曆史。但這并非一個學科，它并沒有形成金融理論。
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們對曆史研究方法産生了興趣，這與其說是因為外部對曆史作為一門知識學科的有效性提出了挑戰，還不如說是因為曆史學家内部發生了争吵。
B. Interest in historical method had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們對曆史學研究方法産生了興趣， 這與其說是因為外部對曆史學作為一門知識學科的有效 性提出了挑戰，還不如說是因為曆史學家們内部發生了争執。
but in the evenings, they learned much more of the intellectual discipline, of what it was to be an artist.
而在晚上，他們學習文化課，好讓自己成為一名真正的藝術家。
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
對曆史的方法産生興趣，較少地是通過曆史作為一門知識學科來說對它的真實性發生的外部競争而來，更多的則是從曆史學家們自身之間的内部争論産生的。
Interest tin historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
對曆史方法的興趣，與其說是起源于對曆史有效性的外部挑戰，倒不如說是起源于曆史學家們内部的争論。
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.
幾個世紀以來，歐洲的各所大學一直以為法學是一門基本知識學科。
Anyway, that shows that I think probability theory does have a long history, but-- it not being an intellectual discipline-- it didn't really inform a generation of finance theory.
不管怎樣,這個故事表明概率論,确實有很悠久的曆史,但,那時它并非以學科形式存在,也沒有對金融理論的産生有過指導意義
Their enthusiasm and thirst for discovery were paired with intellectual discipline and timed perfectly to harness rapidly emerging analytical tools in chromatography and mass spectrometry.
他們對發現的熱情和渴望，配合着智能學科以及加倍的使用，很快的促進了分析儀器的出現，這其中包括色譜分析法和質譜儀的出現。
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenges to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們之所以關注曆史研究方法的原因與其說在于外界對曆史學是否是門學科提出質疑，倒不如說在于曆史學家内部的相互争論。
Intellectual self-discipline is required to avoid ignoring important alternatives, uncertainties, decisions, or trade-offs.
明智的自律可以避免忽略其他重要方案、不确定因素、決策及權衡。
Psychology emerged as a scientific discipline within the context of the intellectual history of Western Europe.
在西歐學術史背景下，心理學作為一門科學學科出現了。
The Germans are a great people noted for their discipline, dedication to hard work, intellectual excellence and rigorous reasoning.
德意志民族是一個嚴謹敬業、勤勞智慧、富于理性的偉大民族。
The development of an academic discipline is a dual dynamic process, consisting of both intellectual and institutional factors.
學科發展史是學科理智史和學科制度史的雙重動态史。
It is widely sensed that the discipline has not yet located a path that will lead to a coherent and sustained advance beyond the intellectual territory claimed by modern general equilibrium theory.
大家都普遍感覺到，這個學科還沒有走上這樣一條路徑，它将超越現代一般均衡理論所提出的思維空間，帶來連貫持續的進步。
"intellectual discipline"作為複合概念包含兩層核心含義：
學科體系層面 指通過系統化方法構建的知識領域，如數學、哲學或物理學等學科體系。這類學科具有明确的研究對象、方法論框架和學術規範，例如數學通過公理化體系建立邏輯結構。斯坦福哲學百科指出，學科的形成需要經過知識分類、方法論驗證和學術共同體認可的過程。
學術規範層面 指研究者遵循的思維訓練體系，包含邏輯推理、證據驗證和理論構建等核心要素。劍橋詞典強調這種規範要求學者在論證過程中保持嚴謹性，通過同行評議等機制确保知識可靠性。牛津學術研究指南中特别指出，學術寫作必須符合特定學科的引用規範和論證标準。
該概念在教育領域體現為課程設置的專業化分工，在科研領域則表現為學術共同體的質量控制機制。世界經合組織(OECD)的教育分類體系将知識領域劃分為46個學科門類，每個門類均對應特定的智力訓練要求。
單詞組合intellectual discipline 的含義可通過拆分和語境綜合理解：
intellectual（形容詞）
discipline（名詞）
intellectual discipline 通常指需要系統性智力投入的學科或學術規範，常見于以下場景：
學術領域
"Law has been recognized as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities for centuries."
（幾個世紀以來，法律在歐洲大學中一直被視為基礎性知識學科。）
能力培養
| 場景 | 側重含義 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 高等教育 | 學科分類 | "法律是社會科學中的一門 intellectual discipline。" |
| 職業規範 | 技能要求 | "醫生需要掌握醫學的 intellectual discipline。" |
| 個人發展 | 思維訓練 | "數學培養邏輯推理的 intellectual discipline。" |
注意：具體含義需結合上下文判斷，學科性與規範性的界限可能重疊。
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