n. 噬菌體（phage 的複數）
These phages will each contain one single-stranded member of the phagemid library.
這些噬菌體将各自包含噬菌粒文庫的一個單鍊成員。
Neither are phages retroviruses.
噬菌體反轉錄病毒也是一樣。
These bacteria soon burst open, spilling out enzymes and new phages.
這些細菌很快就被脹爆，釋放酶和新的噬菌體。
New phages can develop by acquiring restriction enzymes from plasmids.
通過從質粒獲得的限制性酶，新的噬菌體能夠生長。
The normal versions of Dr Turner's phages are able to parasitise four types of bacteria.
特納博士所用的噬菌體能夠寄生于四種細菌中。
The specificity of phages combined with CTGF was identified by direct and indirect-ELISA.
用直接和間接ELISA方法檢測噬菌體陽性克隆與CTGF結合的特異性。
These lified phages again become lytic , establishing a new equilibrium in the population.
這些噬菌體重新溶解， 并在各菌群中建立了一個新的平衡。
Morphology of 8 strains of phages of Bacillus thuringiensis was examined with electronic microscopy.
借用電子顯微鏡，對分離得到的8株蘇雲金芽孢杆菌噬菌體進行了形态學研究。
Stained with PAS, red bo***s were observed in the cytoplasm of macro - phages and multinuclear giant ells.
經pas染色，巨噬細胞和多核巨細胞内可見pas陽性紅染小體。
It is the phages' ability to channel through bacterial cell membranes that boosts antibiotic effectiveness.
這是因為噬菌體能夠穿透細菌的細胞膜，從而增強抗生素的作用。
The viral DNA is injected through the tail into the host cell, where it directs the production of progeny phages.
該病毒DNA通過尾巴注入宿主細胞，在這裡指導後代噬菌體的産生。
Results 500?fold enrichments were observed by tittering phages in the cell lysate after five rounds of selection.
結果經過5輪篩選，細胞裂解液中洗脫出噬菌體效價有500倍以上增長；
Three pullulanase positive recombinant phages were obtained from this library using the amylopectin and pullulan plate.
酶切分析證明這三個重組噬菌體含有相同的酶切片段。
Bacteriophage lysins are lytic agents used by double-stranded DNA(dsDNA) phages to coordinate bacterial cell wall lysis.
噬菌體裂解酶是雙鍊DNA噬菌體所特有的細胞壁水解酶。
Phages are a special kind of virus because they only infect and kill bacteria. They don't infect humans or other animals.
噬菌體是一種特殊的病毒，它隻會感染和殺死細菌，不會感染人類或其它動物。
Both these are virulent phages, meaning that whenever a phage particle attacks a bacterial cell that cell is inevitably killed.
它們都是烈性噬菌體，也就是說這種病毒顆粒一旦侵襲細胞，細胞就必然死亡。
The competition between bacteria and phages is not only the result of their own selection pressure, but also the dynamics of their co-evolution.
細菌與噬菌體間的競争，不僅是自身選擇壓力的結果，也是彼此共進化的動力。
A small injection of phages into a water pipe, however, could clean an entire system, with the phages replicating themselves as they consume the biofilm.
然而，往管道内注入少量的噬菌體，就可以清理整個管道系統，因為噬菌體在消耗生物膜的同時可以自我複制。
So we think that if we could use these phages and how they stick to mucosal surfaces and potentially protect against some of these food-borne outbreaks.
因此我們認為，如果我們可以利用這些噬菌體以及它們如何粘附在黏膜表面，預防一些食源性疾病的爆發。
Typical phages have hollow heads that store their viral DNA and tunnel tails with tips that bind to specific molecules on the surface of their target bacteria.
典型的噬菌體有存儲它們病毒DNA的空心頭部和帶有尖端的隧道式尾巴，此尖端表面有它們的目标細菌的分子。
噬菌體（phages）是"bacteriophage"的簡稱，源自希臘語"細菌吞噬者"，指一類特異性感染細菌的病毒。這類微生物由英國細菌學家Frederick Twort于1915年首次發現，加拿大微生物學家Félix d'Hérelle在1917年正式命名（來源：Nature Reviews Microbiology。
從結構特征看，噬菌體由蛋白質衣殼包裹遺傳物質（DNA或RNA）構成，典型結構包括二十面體頭部和可收縮尾部（來源：NCBI。其作用機制包含吸附、核酸注入、生物合成、組裝和釋放五個階段，通過裂解或溶原兩種生命周期調控宿主菌。
在醫學領域，噬菌體療法已被證明可有效對抗多重耐藥菌感染。2023年《柳葉刀》刊載的臨床試驗顯示，靜脈注射噬菌體組合可使燒傷患者銅綠假單胞菌感染清除率提升至86%（來源：The Lancet。美國FDA于2022年批準首個噬菌體雞尾酒療法用于治療耐藥性結核分枝杆菌感染（來源：FDA官網。
食品工業中，噬菌體制劑作為生物防腐劑已獲歐盟食品安全局認證，能針對性清除乳制品中的李斯特菌而不影響發酵菌群（來源：EFSA Journal。世界衛生組織2024年全球抗微生物藥物耐藥性報告中特别指出，噬菌體療法是應對超級細菌的重要技術儲備（來源：WHO官網。
Phages（噬菌體）是感染細菌的病毒，其核心特征和相關信息如下：
如需進一步了解噬菌體的具體類型或應用案例，可參考上述來源的完整内容。
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